第一讲的语音和构词法
上课前热身
I .选择下划线部分发音不同的项目
()1。A. this B. thank C. think D. wealth
()2 . a . holdb . habit c . husband d . honest
()3 .A. hands B. cats C. goods D. beds
()4 . a . watched b . refused c . worked d . washed
()5 .A. rude B. ruler C. blue D. custom
二。根据需要填写以下单词的适当形式。
1.slow(副词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2。success(形容词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.lazy(名词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4。appear(反义词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5.intelligent(名词)_ _ __________ 6。pleasure(形容词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
7.interest(形容词)_ _ __________ 8。describe(名词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9.detail(形容词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10。possible(副词)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
语音
一、音符
1、元音:总共20个元音。元音可分为单元音和双元音,其中单元音有12个,双元音有8个。
袁
音
单元音
全集[I :] [] [e] []
中元音[:][][]
后元音[:] [] [u3360] [] [\ 53360]
双元音
开合双元音[ai] [ei] [I] [] [a]
集中双集合[I] [e] []
辅音:总共28个辅音。辅音可分为爆破音、摩擦音、波纹音、鼻音和舌侧音。
宝座
音
爆破音
清辅音[p] [t] [k]
桌音[b] [d] [g]
摩擦音
青瓷音[f][s][][][h]
浊音[v][v][z][][]
波纹音
清辅音[t] [tr] [ts]
浊音[d] [dr] [dz]
鼻音
桌音[m] [n] []
舌测音
桌音[r] [l]
半元音
[w] [j]
二、音节的划分
一般来说,一个单词有几个元音音素就有几个音节。每个音节都由元音及其前后的辅音组成。单词的发音是构成单词的每个音节的发音的组合。
双音节词的音节划分方法可以概括为“两个离别、一个前或一个后”
1.“两个离别”是指在两个元音之间有两个辅音字母时,将两个辅音字母分成前后两个音节。例如:织布机被分成织布机。Sis ter分为sister等。
注:以下几种情况不允许“两别”。
A.辅音字符th、sh、ch、ck、tch等不允许拆分。例如:fa ther可以分为father等。
B.各种辅音连接(如cr、pr、bl、fl等)也不允许分割。例如:se cret可分为secret等。
2.“一个耳前或一个耳后”意味着,如果两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母,则这个辅音字母会分成前音节,有时会分成后音节。例如:be gin分为begin等。
构词法
合成方法1。合成名词
/>构成方式
例词
名词+名词
weekend/ classroom/ bookshelf
名词+动词
daybreak/ waterfall
名词+动名词
handwriting
动词+名词
typewriter/ flashlight
动名词+名词
reading room/ swimming pool
形容词+名词
gentleman/ blackboard
介词+名词
overcoat/ outline
2. 合成形容词
构成方式 | 例词 |
名词+形容词 | worldwide/ snow-white |
名词+现在分词 | English-peaking |
名词+过去分词 | man-made/ snow-covered |
数词+名词+形容词 | two-year-old/ eight-metre-long |
形容词+名词+ed | open-minded/ kind-hearted |
形容词+形容词 | light-bright |
形容词+现在分词 | easy-going/ good-looking |
副词+现在分词 | hard-working |
副词+过去分词 | well-dressed/ well-known |
3. 合成副词
构成方式 | 例词 |
形容词+副词 | somehow/ everywhere |
副词+副词 | however/ wherever |
介词+副词 | forever |
4. 合成介词
构成方式 | 例词 |
副词+名词 | inside/ outside |
介词+副词 | within/ without |
副词+介词 | into/ upon |
- 派生法
派生法是通过再词根上加前缀或者后缀构成一个新词。除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词性,而词义不会发生变化。
1. 前缀
(1)否定前缀:dis-加在名词、动词、形容词之前;in-加在形容词、名词之前;im-加在字母m,b,p之前;il-加在以l开头的词前;ir-加在以r开头的词前;un-加在名词、形容词、副词之前。如:
agree-disagree correct-incorrect possible-impossible
leagal-illeagal regular-irregular finished-unfished
(2)表示其他意义的前缀:a-多构成表语形容词 awake醒着的,re-再 reuse,mis-错 misunderstand,auto-自动 automation,bi-双 bicycle,co-共同 cooperate,com-,con-共同,加强 combine 联合,de-离,加强,降 destruction破坏,e-,ex-出,否定,加强 export出口,en-, em-在内,用于,使enlarge 扩大,inter-在……间 international国际的,micro微 microwave微波,mini-微小 miniskirt迷你裙,neg-不,非 neglect忽视,non-不,非 nonprofit非赢利的,out-在外,除去 outside外面的,over-超出,反转 overweight超重的,post-在后 postwar战后的,pre-在前 predict预言,re-重复,相反recall回忆,sub-,suc-,sug-在下,次于 subway地铁,sur-超,外加 surface表面,tele-远 telescope望远镜,trans-超过,透过 transport运输,up-向上 upstairs在楼上
2. 后缀
(1)名词后缀
-er strange→ stranger陌生人 -ar lie→liar说谎者 -ee employ employee受雇者;雇员
-or act→ actor男演员 -ese China→ Chinese中国人 -ess act→ actress女演员
-ian history→ historian历史学家 - ist novel→ novelist小说家 -ance/- ence appear→ appearance出现;外貌 -ant serve→ servant仆人 -ing hear- hearing听力;听觉 ure/ ure fail→failure失败;没做到
-age short→ shortage短缺 -dom free--freedom自由;自主 -ness weak→ weakness虚弱;弱点
-th strong-strength力气;强项 -ion/tion/ ition/ ation attract→ attraction吸引
ment achieve→achievement成就 -y recoverrecovery恢复;痊愈
(2)形容词后缀
-al origin→ original最初的 -ble comfort→ comfortable舒适的 ful doubt→ doubtful怀疑的
-ed scare→ scared感到恐惧的 - ible access→ accessible容易取得的 -ing surprise→surprising 令人惊奇的
-ive act→- active积极的;活跃的 -ous anxiety anxious 忧虑的 -ern east→ eastern东方的;向东的
-y taste→ tasty美味的;可口的 -ish child→ childish孩子气的
(3)动词后缀
-(e)n, -fy, -ize
wide→widen beauty→beautify standard→standardize
(4)副词后缀
-ly, -ward(s)
wide→widely back→backward
- 转化法
英语中,有的名词可用作动词,有的形容词可用作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫转化法。
很多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情况下,意思没有多大的变化,有时意思有一定的变化,如: talk v,谈话→ talk n.谈话 I think we' d better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束
有的名词可用作动词。如:nurse n.护士→ nurse v..护理;看护 She nursed her husband back to health.她看护她的丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
名词转化为动词 形容词转化为动词有的形容词可用作动词。如; better adj.更好的→ better v.使更好 We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
有的形容词可用作名词 如: black adj.黑色的→ black n.黑色 You should be dressed in black at the party.你在晚会上该穿黑色礼服。
课堂训练
用所给单词的适当形式填空
1.Parents should teach their children to behave __________ (polite) in public.
2.You should depend on yourself. It’s you who make final __________ (decide).
3.There is more air __________ (pollute) in the city than in the country.
4.Always remember __________ (safe) must come first when driving on the road.
5.I don’t like cities. Cities are large and interesting but they are __________ (noise).
6.What do you think is the greatest __________ (invent) of the twentieth century?
7.My sisters want to be __________ (manage) when they grow up in the future.
8.Tom's father was so angry that he punished him for his __________ (careless).
9.This young __________ (climb) will take part in the climbing competition this weekend.
10.Our life is __________ (certain) better than it was twenty years ago.
11.It is none of your __________ (busy). Pay attention to your own homework.
12.I don't think __________ (ride) a horse is cool in such cold weather.
13.After the terrible earthquake, many people in Japan became __________ (home).
14.My teacher always answers my questions __________(patient).
15.It's __________ (wind) today. You should not go out for a walk.
16.Don’t get close to the __________ (danger) places.
17.Ma Long is __________ (real) a good table tennis star in China.
18.If the problem can be __________ (peace) solved, we can avoid (避免) a lot of trouble.
19.This Chinese __________ (paint) was painted by Qi Baishi, a famous Chinese painter.
20.I looked around to see who the __________ (speak) was.