去年，剑桥词典公布2021年度词汇：Perseverance
今天，剑桥词典（Cambridge Dictionary）公布了2022年度词汇：Homer（本垒打，全垒打）。
Homer是棒球运动中的术语，是指一种在棒球运动中打者可环绕内场，按一垒、二垒、三垒、本垒的顺序，踩上所有垒包一周的安打。
Homer实际上是非正式的美式英语单词，homer等于home run，英文解释为“a point scored in baseball by hitting the ball so far that you have time to run all the way around the four corners of the playing field before it is returned”
那为什么选这个词汇呢？和今年有什么关系呢？这就要从海外非常火的一个猜词游戏「Wordle」说起了。
在游戏中，玩家每天要在六次机会内猜中某个包含五个字母的英文单词。每次猜测后，玩家会得到三种反馈：绿色表示字母位置正确；黄色表示答案包含该字母但位置错误；灰色表示答案没有该字母。
然后呢，今年5月5日当天要猜的五个字母单词就是「Homer」，而这个单词因为是非正式的美式英语词汇，大多数玩游戏的人不！认！识这个词，所以当天搜索量就暴增......而且95%左右的搜索用户都来自北美以外的地区。
️小作业：
1. lost their streak、winning streak、streak是什么意思？
2. What is Wordle & how to play it?
3.「新闻，时事」怎么表达？
4. shrinkflation是什么意思？
Cambridge Dictionary reveals its official word of the year
From: METRO
2022's word of the year has been announced – and it's inspiration may surprise you.
2022年的年度词汇已经公布——该词的灵感来源可能会让你大吃一惊。
In May, chaos descended within the Wordle community this year after people across the world lost their streak due to an 'unfair' word.
今年5月，世界各地的人们因一个“不公平”的词而未能连胜后，Wordle社区一片哗然。
chaos
chaos /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/ 表示“混乱；无秩序状态”，英文解释为“a state of total confusion with no order”举个：
Snow and ice have caused chaos on the roads.
冰雪造成道路交通秩序混乱。
descend
descend /dɪˈsend/ 1）表示“（暮色）降临；（天幕）落下”，英文解释为“If darkness or night descends, it becomes dark and day changes to night.”
2）表示“下来；下去；下降”，英文解释为“to come or go down from a higher to a lower level”举个例子：
The plane began to descend.
飞机开始降落。
3）表示“（不好的感觉）遍布，蔓延；（通常指不好的情形）笼罩”，英文解释为“If a negative or bad feeling descends, it is felt everywhere in a place or by everyone at the same time.”举个：
A feeling of despair descended (on us) as we realized that we were lost.
当我们发现自己迷了路的时候，一种绝望的情绪（在我们中间）弥漫开来。
streak
streak /striːk/ 表示“一阵好运；一阵霉运；（尤指体育比赛或赌博中）顺的时候，背的时候，运气，手气”，英文解释为“a short period of good or bad luck”如：a streak of good luck 运气好的一段时间，a lucky/unlucky streak 运气好/不好的阶段，to hit (= have) a winning streak 碰上顺的时候，to be on a winning/losing streak 赶上顺的/背的时候，举个：
Their longest losing streak has been three games.
他们最低迷的时候连输过3场。
After winning a couple of bets, he thought he was on a winning streak.
下注赢了几回后，他以为自己红运正当头。
张伟丽重夺UFC冠军中提到：win streak/winning streak都可以指“连胜”，原文：Esparza sees a six-fight win streak snapped. 埃斯帕扎的六连胜终结了。
The puzzle game challenges players to guess a five-letter word within a limited number of guesses.
这个益智游戏考验玩家在有限的次数内猜测一个含五个字母的单词。
puzzle
1）表示“令人费解的情况；难题；谜”，英文解释为“a situation that is difficult to understand”举个：
Scientists have been trying to solve this puzzle for years.
多年来科学家们一直试图解开这个谜。
2）表示“测验智力的游戏（或玩具）”，英文解释为“a game or toy in which you have to fit separate pieces together, or a problem or question that you have to answer by using your skill or knowledge”如：a jigsaw puzzle 智力拼图玩具。
Many had built up impressive streaks – getting the answer right every day – but were stumped on May 5.
许多人已经积累了令人钦佩的连胜纪录——每天都能猜对答案——但是在5月5日被难倒了。
impressive
表示“（因特殊、重要或巨大而）给人留下深刻印象的；令人钦佩的”，英文解释为“If an object or achievement is impressive, you admire or respect it, usually because it is special, important, or very large.”举个：
That was an impressive performance from such a young tennis player.
这么年轻的网球选手居然打得那么好。
be stumped
表示“语塞；被难住，被难倒”，英文解释为“to be unable to answer a question or solve a problem because it is too difficult”举个：
I'm completely stumped - how did she manage to escape?
我百思不得其解——她是如何逃脱的？
The answer 'homer' left non-American players scratching their heads in confusion.
“homer”这个答案让非美国玩家摸不着头脑。
scratch your head
表示“冥思苦想”，英文解释为“to think hard about something”举个：
A lot of people must be scratching their heads about which way to vote.
一定有很多人在冥思苦想应该把票投给哪一方。
The word, an informal American English word for a home run in baseball, was then searched for nearly 75,000 times during the first week of May.
这个词是一个非正式的美式英语单词，指的是棒球中的本垒打，在5月的第一周被搜索了近75000次。
home run
home run /ˌhəʊm ˈrʌn/ 表示“（棒球运动中的）本垒打”，英文解释为“a point scored in baseball by hitting the ball so far that you have time to run all the way around the four corners of the playing field before it is returned”
It has now been chosen by Cambridge Dictionary as its word of the year for 2022.
如今，剑桥词典将其选为2022年的年度词汇。
Editors credited disgruntled Wordle players, whose winning streak was ended by the unfamiliar American English term, with their inspiration.
编辑们称灵感源于心怀不满的Wordle玩家，他们的连胜纪录被不熟悉的美式英语词汇终结了。
disgruntled
disgruntled /dɪsˈɡrʌn.təld/ 表示“不满的；不悦的”，英文解释为“unhappy, annoyed, and disappointed about something”举个：
A disgruntled former employee is being blamed for the explosion.
一名心怀不满的前员工被认为是此次爆炸的罪魁祸首。
credit sb with sth
1）表示“相信…具有（某种品质）”，英文解释为“to consider that someone has a particular quality”举个：
I had credited them with more integrity than they showed.
我原以为他们很正直，其实不然。
2）表示“将…归功于”，英文解释为“to say that someone is responsible for something good”举个：
She is credited with making the business a success.
公司的成功归功于她。
Homer became the dictionary's highest-spiking word of the year as a result of a flurry of searches for its meaning.
由于对其含义的大量搜索，Homer一词成为该词典这一年被搜索次数最多的词汇。
flurry
1）表示“一阵忙乱（或激动、关注）”，英文解释为“a sudden, short period of activity, excitement, or interest”举个：
The prince's words on marriage have prompted a flurry of speculation in the press this week.
本周王子就结婚问题所说的话引起新闻界一片猜测。
2）表示“小阵雪（或雨等）”，英文解释为“a small amount of snow, rain, etc. that falls for a short time and then stops”如：snow flurries 小雪阵阵，flurries of snow 阵阵小雪。
The vast majority of searches for homer (95%) were from outside North America.
绝大多数对Homer的搜索（95%）来自北美以外的地区。
Speakers of British English used words like 'outraged' and 'furious' to complain on social media about the choice of 'homer' as the Wordle answer for May 5.
说英式英语的人使用“气愤”和“愤怒”等词在社交媒体上抱怨选择“Homer”作为5月5日的单词答案。
outrage
outrage本身可以作动词，表示“（尤指不公平的行为或言论）使感到义愤，使愤慨，激怒”，也可以作名词，表示“愤怒；义愤；愤慨”，英文解释为“a strong feeling of shock and anger”举个：
The judge's remarks caused public outrage.
裁判的话引起了公愤。
outraged作形容词，表示“愤怒的；愤慨的，义愤填膺的”，英文解释为“feeling outrage”举个：
Outraged viewers jumped onto social media to complain about the ending of the series.
许多愤怒的观众纷纷在社交平台上对连续剧的结局表示不满。
furious
furious /ˈfjʊə.ri.əs/ 表示“极其生气的，怒不可遏的”，英文解释为“extremely angry”举个：
I was late and he was furious with me.
我迟到了，他冲我大发脾气。
The American spelling of 'humor' then caused the second highest spike in 2022.
今年被搜索次数第二多的是美式拼写词汇“humor”。
In third place was 'caulk', a word more familiar in American English than in British English, meaning to fill the spaces around the edge of something, for example a bath or window frame, with a special substance.
排在第三位的是“caulk”，这个词在美式英语中比英式英语中更熟悉，意思是用特殊物质填补某物边缘缝隙，例如浴缸或窗框。
caulk
caulk /kɔːk/ 作动词，表示“捻缝，填隙”，英文解释为“to fill the gaps around the edge of something, for example a bath or shower, with a special substance”，作名词，表示“填隙物”，英文解释为“a substance used for filling in the gaps around the edge of something, for example a bath or shower ”
substance
表示“物质；材料”，英文解释为“material with particular physical characteristics”如：an organic/chemical substance 有机/化学物质。
Americans, in turn, grumbled about 'bloke', which appeared on Wordle on July 25.
而美国人则对7月25日出现在Wordle上的“bloke”一词怨声载道。
grumble
grumble /ˈɡrʌm.bəl/ 表示“发牢骚，抱怨，嘟囔”，英文解释为“to complain about someone or something in an annoyed way”举个：
She spent the evening grumbling to me about her job.
她一晚上都在向我抱怨她的工作。
mustn't grumble表示“没有什么好抱怨的，日子过得还不错”，英文解释为“something you say to mean that your life is not bad and that you should not complain about it”举个：
"How's it going then, LR?" "Oh, not too bad. Mustn't grumble."
“那么，一切还好吧，卤肉？”“哦，挺好，没有什么好抱怨的。
电影《老爸上战场》（Dad's Army）中的台词提到：But one mustn't grumble. 字幕组译为：差强人意啦。
bloke
bloke /bləʊk/ 非正式的英式词汇，表示“人，家伙”，英文解释为“a man, often one who is considered to be ordinary”举个：
He is a really good bloke.
他是个真正的好人。
Wendalyn Nichols, Cambridge Dictionary publishing manager, said: "Wordle's words, and the public's reactions to them, illustrate how English speakers continue to be divided over differences between English language varieties, even when they're playing a globally popular new word game that has brought people together online for friendly competition about language."
《剑桥词典》出版经理温达林·尼科尔斯（Wendalyn Nichols）表示：“Wordle的词汇，以及公众对它们的反应，说明了说英语的人不断因英语种类之间的差异而产生分歧，即使人们在玩一款全球流行的新词汇游戏时也是如此，该游戏让人们聚集在在网上一起进行有关语言的友好竞争。”
illustrate
illustrate /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/ 表示“（尤指用例子）说明，阐明”，英文解释为“to show the meaning or truth of something more clearly, especially by giving examples”举个：
The lecturer illustrated his point with a diagram on the blackboard.
讲师在黑板上用图表来说明自己的观点。
variety
variety /vəˈraɪə.ti/ 1）表示“不同种类；不同品种”，英文解释为“a different type of something”举个：
Our supermarket stocks apples in several different varieties.
我们超市有几个不同品种的苹果。
2）表示“多样化；变化”，英文解释为“the characteristic of often changing and being different”举个：
When planning meals, you need to think about variety and taste as well as nutritional value.
做饭时，你既需要考虑饭菜的营养价值，又需要考虑饭菜的花样和味道。
"The differences between British and American English are always of interest not just to learners of English but to English speakers globally, and word games are also perennially entertaining."
“英式英语和美式英语之间的差异不仅是英语学习者，也是全球英语使用者的兴趣所在，词汇游戏也总是很有趣。”
perennially
perennially /pəˈren.i.ə.li/ 表示“长期地；常年地；不断发生地；反覆地”，英文解释为“in a way that lasts a very long time, or happens repeatedly or all the time”举个：
She seems to be perennially short of money.
她似乎总是缺钱。
Searches for Wordle's five-letter words on the Cambridge Dictionary website squeezed out other high-interest words that reflected current affairs.
在剑桥词典网站上搜索Wordle的五个字母单词，挤掉了其他反映时事的高关注度词汇。
squeeze
squeeze /skwiːz/ 作名词，表示“挤压，捏；榨”，英文解释为“the act of pressing something firmly”，也可以表示“减少；削减；限制”，英文解释为“a reduction or limit”举个：
The squeeze on profits in the oil industry has led to thousands of redundancies.
石油产业利润的减少导致数千人失业。
作动词，1）表示“（困难地）挤进，挤过”，英文解释为“to get in, through, under, etc. with difficulty”举个：
She squeezed through the crowd and found a seat at the front.
她从人群中挤过去，在前面找了个座位。
2）表示“挤压；捏”，英文解释为“to press sth firmly, especially with your fingers”如：to squeeze a tube of toothpaste 挤牙膏，举个：
He squeezed her arm reassuringly.
他安慰地捏了捏她的手臂。
电影《今晚带我回家》（Take Me Home Tonight）中的台词提到：Come on, punch it up. punch. and squeeze real tight 来 击个拳 击拳 然后握紧。
These included 'oligarch', likely triggered by new international sanctions and geopolitical shifts amid Vladimir Putin's war in Ukraine, and 'vulnerable', which may have been prompted by inflation and the cost-of-living crisis that hit many nations worldwide.
其中包括“oligarch（寡头政治家）”，可能是由弗拉基米尔·普京（Vladimir Putin）乌克兰战争期间新的国际制裁和地缘政治变化引发的，以及“vulnerable”，可能是由冲击了全球许多国家的通胀和生活成本危机引发的。
oligarch
oligarch /ˈɒl.ɪ.ɡɑː.k/ 表示“寡头政治家；寡头统治集团成员”，英文解释为“one of the people in an oligarchy”
trigger
1）作动词，除了表示“发动；引起；触发”，英文解释为“to make sth happen suddenly”举个：
Nuts can trigger off a violent allergic reaction.
坚果可以引起严重的过敏反应。
2）作名词，表示“扳机”，英文解释为“The trigger of a gun is a small lever which you pull to fire it.”举个：
A man pointed a gun at them and pulled the trigger.
一个男人用枪指着他们，扣动了扳机。
类似的还有：
stir表示“激发，激起（强烈的感情）；引起（强烈的反应）”，英文解释为“to make someone have a strong feeling or reaction”，举个：
The poem succeeds in stirring the imagination.
这首诗能够激发起想象力。
provoke也表示“激起，引起”，英文解释为“to cause a reaction or feeling, especially a sudden one”，如：provoke debate/discussion 激起辩论/讨论。
spur 鼓动；激励；鞭策；刺激；鼓舞”，英文解释为“If one thing spurs you to do another, it encourages you to do it.”举个：
It's the money that spurs these fishermen to risk a long ocean journey in their flimsy boats.
是金钱驱使这些渔民驾驶单薄的小船冒险出海远航。
电影《龙之心3：巫师的诅咒》（Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse）中的台词提到：To spur the clans to war. 激励部族发起战争。
sanction
1）常见含义表示“制裁”，英文解释为“an official order, such as the stopping of trade, that is taken against a country in order to make it obey international law”举个：
Many nations have imposed sanctions on the country because of its attacks on its own people.
由于该国发生了针对本国人民的暴力行为，许多国家都对其进行制裁。
2）可以作动词也可以作名词，表示“批准；认可”，英文解释为“If someone in authority sanctions an action or practice, they officially approve of it and allow it to be done.”举个：
He may now be ready to sanction the use of force.
他或许现在正准备批准使用武力。
vulnerable
表示“易受伤的；易受影响（或攻击）的；脆弱的”，英文解释为“able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked”举个：
I felt very vulnerable, standing there without any clothes on.
一丝不挂地站在那儿，我感觉自己不堪一击。
prompt
作名词，1）表示“（计算机屏幕上的）提示符（显示计算机已经准备好接受指令）”，英文解释为“a sign on a computer screen that shows that the computer is ready to receive your instructions”
2）表示“（给演员的）提词，提白”，英文解释为“words that are spoken to an actor who has forgotten what he or she is going to say during the performance of a play”
作动词，表示“促使；导致；激起”，英文解释为“to make sb decide to do sth; to cause sth to happen”举个：
His speech prompted an angry outburst from a man in the crowd.
他的讲话激起了人群中一男子的愤怒。
美剧《斯巴达克斯：血与沙》（Spartacus: Blood and Sand）中的台词提到：One cannot but wonder what would prompt such an act 不知他们为何遭此不幸。
inflation
表示“通货膨胀”，英文解释为“a general, continuous increase in prices”如：high/low inflation 高/低通货膨胀。
'Ableist' spiked during the controversy over the use of a slur in lyrics to the pop song Grrrls by Lizzo.
Lizzo在流行歌曲《Grrrls》歌词中用了诋毁性词汇引发争议后，“Ableist”一词的使用量激增。
ableist
ableist /ˈeɪ.bə.lɪst/ 表示“（针对残疾人的）体能（或智能）歧视的，残疾歧视的”，英文解释为“treating people unfairly because they have a disability (= an illness, injury, or condition that makes it difficult for them to do things that most other people can do)”举个：
An ableist society is one that treats non-disabled individuals as the standard of “normal living”.
一个残疾歧视的社会是一个把非残疾人作为“正常生活”标准的社会。
slur
slur /slɜː/ 1）表示“诽谤；诋毁；污辱”，英文解释为“an unfair remark about sb/sth that may damage other people's opinion of them”举个：
Her letter contained several outrageous slurs against/on her former colleagues.
她信里有好几处肆意诋毁以前同事的内容。
2）表示“含糊的发音，不清楚的发音”，英文解释为“a way of pronouncing the sounds of a word that is unclear, uncontrolled, or wrong”举个：
The drug affected her vision and made her speak with a slur.
药物影响了她的视力，使她的口齿也不清楚了。
Additions to the Cambridge Dictionary this year have included 'shrinkflation', defined as the situation when the price of a product stays the same but its size gets smaller.
今年《剑桥词典》增加了“shrinkflation（缩水式通胀）”一词，该词指的是产品价格保持不变但尺寸变小的情况。
- 今日盘点 -
chaos
descend
streak
puzzle
impressive
be stumped
scratch your head
home run
disgruntled
credit sb with sth
flurry
outrage
furious
caulk
substance
grumble
bloke
illustrate
variety
perennially
squeeze
oligarch
trigger
sanction
vulnerable
prompt
inflation
ableist
slur
- END -
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